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Psychosynthesis, developed by the Italian psychiatrist Roberto Assagioli (1965, 1973), a colleague of Freud and Jung (cf., McGuire, 1974, 241), is one of the many approaches out there which seeks not only an analysis of the psyche, but a "Synthesis of the Psyche." Of course, a true "Synthesis of the Psyche" begins by including the trauma of the lower unconscious explored by the more traditional psychoanalysis to assist the individual to achieve the category of self-actualization that Maslow (1971) defined as a "non-transcending self-actualizer" (i.e., "more essentially practical, realistic … ‘doers’ rather than meditators or contemplators" (p. 281)), but more than that, it must also include the transpersonal experiencing of the higher unconscious (the realm studied by humanistic and transpersonal psychology), for while it is understood that non-transcending self-actualizer's achieve a level of consciousness that is typically associated with the few to be considered psychologically healthy (i.e., a non-transcending self-actualizer's are typically understood to have successfully addressed and integrated their lower unconscious), and while there is certainly no putdown in identifying someone as a non-transcending self-actualizer, because, after all, very few even achieve this level in the self-actualization process, it is the transcending self-actualizer, who is traditionally understood to have undergone a further step in the growth process by overcoming the barriers (i.e., anger and pain which can include the collective unconscious, transpersonal, shamanic, spiritual) to access the higher unconscious and therefore function in terms of "Being" which Maslow (1970) expressed as including "feelings of limitless horizons opening up to the vision, the feeling of being. Simultaneously more powerful and also more helpless than one ever was before, the feeling of great ecstasy and wonder and awe, the loss of placing in time and space" (p. 164) (Zimberoff & Hartman, 1999).
As a path fraught with problems, transcending self-actualizer's are typically faced with problems like Anhedonia (James, 1901-1902), Self-Induced Depersonalization Syndrome (Kennedy, 1976), and Relaxation Anxiety Disorders (Heide & Borkovec, 1984)--(resulting in grand-mal seizure activity, and more), but in cases whereby the individual actually begins to identify with these beneficial "peak" or "mystical" experiences (Maslow, 1968, 1971) it is said that there also exists the potential for the individual to actually treasure them so highly that the individual is led to identify with the experience of the higher unconscious alone in terms of who we really are, and when this happens the person is said to be suffering from a type of personality disorder called Transpersonal Identity Disorder (TID), such that transpersonal identification (Firman & Gila, 2002) may also be considered as a negative outcome for an individual who is found to be considering their higher unconscious apart from the personal conscious and lower unconscious.
Of course, most therapists will never have to worry about their clients experiencing Transpersonal Identity Disorder (TID) because most therapists have no idea how to assist the client to come under the influence of the Pleasure Principle:
"The dominating tendency of mental life, and perhaps of nervous life in general, is the effort to reduce, to keep constant or to remove internal tension due to stimuli (the 'Nirvana principle' to borrow a term from Barbara Low [1920, 73]) - a tendency which finds expression in the pleasure principle" (Freud, 1920, pp. 49-50), emphasis/underline added).
And, without the Pleasure Principle there is no actual experience of a Catharsis (or discharge of psychic energies not thought to be available from within the realms of normal consciousness), that is, unless they happen to stumble on to the process via the Medical Model which Dr. Herbert Benson (1975; 1982) called the Relaxation Response:
“IN THE Western world today, there is a growing interest in nonpharmacological, self-induced, altered states of consciousness because of their alleged benefits of better mental and physical health and improved ability to deal with tension and stress. During the experience of one of these states, individuals claim to have feelings of increased creativity, of infinity, and of immortality; they even have an evangelistic sense of mission, and report that mental and physical suffering vanish (Dean). Subjective and objective data exists which supports the hypothesis that an integrated central nervous system reaction, the “relaxation response,” underlies this altered state of consciousness. Physicians should be knowledgeable of the physiological changes and possible health benefits of the relaxation response” (Benson, H., Beary, J.F., & Carol, M.P. (1974, February). The Relaxation Response. Psychiatry. Abstract, p. 37).
So the experience of the true catharsis, as well as the problems that go along with actually identifying with these beneficial "peak" or "mystical" experiences is rarely reported, let alone as something apart from a "synthesis of the Psyche." Nevertheless, clients experiencing Transpersonal Identity Disorder (TID) are described in terms of their attitudes, beliefs and behaviors which are said to be based on this strong valuation and even idealization of the higher self apart from their personal conscious self and lower unconscious, whereby the split in the individual’s consciousness has developed over time, into a coherent personality which is founded on the assumption that it this higher level of experience which is the most true, real, or ideal, coupled with a tendency to dismiss other, more mundane, levels of experience as inferior or illusory.
Now just incase all of this stuff about Transpersonal Identity Disorder (TID) sounds like you or someone else you might know, please remember that a "true synthesis of the Psyche" is really only theoretically possible, and I, for one, claim that I failed to more fully integrate my higher unconscious with my personal conscious and unconscious, to such a degree that instead of being able to say "OK God we are going to do this today" and having a full command of all the elements of my higher unconsciousness whereby I have full authority over the other aspects of my higher unconscious such as Angels, I am left with having to say "Please God" and being subject to the will of these other aspects of my higher unconscious.
Moreover, for anybody who belongs to the average class of people which Maslow defined as normal where "normal means the psychopathology or diseased state of the average person" or who otherwise has never even experienced the fact that they are actually a composite of their higher unconscious and personal conscious and unconscious I guess none of this would mean very much, but the truth is that even though Kohn (1984)indicated that when self-actualization is defined in this way it would necessarily "involve the integration of all mental functions of the individual" (p. 255), and researchers like Brown and Engler (1980) have been able to avoid operationally defined measurement difficulties by assessing the aforementioned process using the Rorschach test of the full, productive response to the world which in its highest form is referred to by Eastern contemplative traditions as the 4th level of enlightenment, a "true synthesis of the Psyche" is really only theoretically possible, and it is the actual process of "seeking" this experience of "true synthesis of the Psyche" which is the fundamental progressive experience in terms of what it is meant to be a Buddhist and a Christian as well:
11He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. He who overcomes will not be hurt at all by the second death… 17He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To him who overcomes, I will give some of the hidden manna. I will also give him a white stone with a new name written on it, known only to him who receives it… 26To him who overcomes and does my will to the end, I will give authority over the nations—
27'He will rule them with an iron scepter; he will dash them to pieces like pottery'— just as I have received authority from my Father. 28I will also give him the morning star. 29He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.
And, just in case all of this stuff about Transpersonal Identity Disorder (TID) sounds like something that can be totally fixed by a specialized therapist, please be aware that as far as I know, to date, Nobody, absolutely Nobody, has ever achieved this condition of perfection, whereby their consciousness might be defined in terms of a “perfect or true synthesis of the Psyche”, so the truth is the best a specialized therapist can do is to assist the individual in the process of personality integration, which is a progressive experience, with an overall goal of increased functionality, and as far as the rest of us, well it seems to me that the best any of us can do is to try to explain to others the many ways in which we ourselves have failed in terms of this process of overcoming.
Blessings,
Bill
REFERENCES:
Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis: A manual of principles and techniques. New York
Assagioli, R. (1973). The act of will. New York: Penguin Books.
Benson, H. (1975). The relaxation response. New York: William Morrow.
Benson, H. (1982). The relaxation response: history, physiological basis and clinical usefulness. Acta Medica Scandivics. Supplementum, 660, 231--237.
Benson, H., Beary, J.F., & Carol, M.P. (1974). The relaxation response. Psychiatry, 37, 37-46.
Biblical Quote is from the Biblegateway.com
Brown, D.P., & Engler, J. (1980). The stages of mindfulness meditation: a validation study. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 12 (2), 143-192.
Firman, J., & Gila, A. (2002). Psychosynthesis: A psychology of the spirit. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Freud, S. (1920). James Strachey (ed.). Beyond the pleasure principle. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Heide, F. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (1984). Relaxation induced anxiety: Mechanism and theoretical implications. Behaviour Research and Therapy (Oxford), 22, 1–12.
Kennedy, R.D. (1976). Self-induced depersonalization syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1326-1328.
Kohn, G.F. (1984). Toward a model for spirituality and alcoholism. Journal of Religion and Health, 23 (3), 250-259.
James, W. (1901-1902). The Varieties of Religious Experience. Delivered at Edinburgh, Psychologie des sentiments, 54.
Maslow, A. (1968). Toward a Psychology of Being, second edition. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality (rev. ed.). New York: Harper & Row., p. 164.).
Maslow, A. (1971). The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. New York: Viking Press.
McGuire, W. (Ed.). (1974). The Freud/Jung letters (Vol. XCIV). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton, University Press.
Zimberoff, D. & Hartman, D. (1999). Breathwork: Exploring the Frontier of “Being” and “Doing”. Journal of Heart-Centered Therapies, Vol. 2, No. 2, @ 1999 Heart-Centered Therapies Association.
The need to assess periods of dysfunctionality continues, however the ability to accurately assess this level of consciousness is presented in one study by Brown and Engler (1980), which avoided operationally defined measurement difficulties by assessing the aforementioned process using the Rorschach test. In their assessment of the full, productive response to the world which in its highest form is referred to by Eastern contemplative traditions as the 4th level of enlightenment, they were able to show that, paradoxically in relation too and at the same time as the generalization effect, there is a continuing tendency to generate formulations or core ideas about the nature of reality. Essentially this would infer that such core ideas are similar to the expectations imposed by and in respect to both right and left hemispheric functioning, but it is the symmetry between the two hemispheres or whole brain function, 'neural net,' which allows for critical differences in the perception of reality: For example, the individuals who were assessed to be fully enlightened, were able to attend to the generalization effect and at the same time attend to all the minute aspects of the reality imposed by the Rorschach test. Thus, this method appears to present as the best possible method for assessing the cognitive experience in which the individual perceives Being, that is, ultimate reality.
Another rational approach to the application and testing of the theory of self-actualization would come from the field or neural science. For example, the psychotherapeutic process must also be understood as an extension of the physiological mechanisms of bodily functions and behaviors. That is, as the limbic system becomes more integrated, the higher centers of the brain become more effective. This effect whereby the higher centers are conditionally functioning appears to be a result of an increase of hypothalamic peptides. As such, when there is no organic damage, the higher centers which permit actions to be guided by plans and strategy are entirely dependent upon the level of integration of the limbic system (Kandel & Schwartz, 1985, pp. 608-634). Hence, the psychotherapeutic process may result in a state whereby conscious experience itself becomes less of a stress related phenomena. In such cases, this must also be supposed to result in a consciousness that is an expression of the composite or 'neural net' of brain function, rather than the stress induced split experience when consciousness is predominantly a right or left hemispheric function. Thus, when discussing the right- and left-hemispheric functions of the brain as independent in their function, we are actually indirectly discussing a group of symptoms related to the failure in integration of the limbic system. Under these conditions, physiological evidence comparing the split-brain function of normal individuals versus whole-brain function resulting from the cognitive enhancement techniques may be more readily accepted by a great many of those in academic environments. It is, therefore, imperative that social scientists with a background in neural science develop a body or literature connecting the hypothalamic peptides with the actualization process.
For the next few years, I also had experiences of speaking and interpreting in tongues, and although I was aware that the experience was all in gibberish and lasted less than a second, it was like a conversation in English lasting of many hours. And at this time, I am reminded that during one of these very exciting experiences, I was taught In The Spirit of the battle of the Tribe of Adam against the race/species of giants mentioned in the Book of geneses 6:4(a) in which the Tribe of Adam actually carried the bones of Adam into their war which rid the world of the entire race of giants, and much much more. For example, I am also reminded here of one time when I felt a bit confused about the fact that I was actually able to see Jesus in the midst of group meditation/centered prayer and knew that what I was witnessing was that of Jesus binding Satan but could never actually see Satan, so I started talking to God asking that He help me understand this. I mean I didn’t really want to see Satan, but it was a bit confusing that I could see what I knew to be Jesus binding Satan and be so assured that that was what I was witnessing and still not see Satan. So after I took my question to God, I found myself taken to a cave wherein there was a library of very old rocks with pictures scrolled all over them, but to me everything was in English, and then the Angel placed one of the tablets down in front of me and what it said was that there was a time when the Tribe of Adam had Jesus as there number two God, but a neighboring tribe had a different number two god, and the third tribe, the Satanas, convinced the Tribe of Adam to give up Jesus for the number two god of the other tribe, after which the Tribe of Adam lost the right to paradise, death entered the world, and forever more the adversary (which could be opposing thoughts, deeds, or persons) was to be known as Satan. Obviously, this is quite a different version of the fall of man than exists in the Bible, and for that matter anything I am aware of, but the experience was so powerful that I find my answer in it even to this day.
7 So to keep me from being too elated by the surpassing greatness of the revelations, (1) a thorn was given me in the flesh, a messenger of Satan to harass me, to keep me from being too elated. 8 Three times I pleaded with the Lord about this, that it should leave me. 9 But he said to me, “My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.” Therefore I will boast all the more gladly of my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest upon me. 10 For the sake of Christ, then, I am content with weaknesses, insults, hardships, persecutions, and calamities. For when I am weak, then I am strong. 2 Corinthians 12:7-10 (ESV)
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